Pure Saposhnikovia divaricata oil for candle and soap making wholesale diffuser essential oil new for reed burner diffusers

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent musculoskeletal disorder and the most common degenerative joint disease in the elderly [1]. OA is a condition caused in part by injury, loss of cartilage structure and function, and dysregulation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways [2, 3]. It primarily affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of synovial joints and results in joint failure, leading to pain upon weight-bearing including walking and standing [4].

There is no cure for OA, as it is very difficult to restore the cartilage once it is destroyed [5]. The goals of treatment are to relieve pain, maintain or improve joint mobility, increase the strength of the joints, and minimize the disabling effects of the disease. Pharmacological treatments of OA aim to reduce pain in order to increase the patient’s joint function and quality of  life. Although cartilage destruction is the main event in OA, the degradation of collagen is the fundamental incident that determines the irreversible progression of OA in association with inflammation [6, 7]. Treatments with anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective activity are expected to relieve pain and maintain matrix integrity in OA patients.

Therefore, decreasing inflammation will likely be beneficial in OA management. Recent studies suggest protective roles for herbal resources on the progression of OA, in terms of mitigating chondrocyte inflammation and further cartilage destruction, through their ability to interact with joint-associated tissues, resulting in the mitigation of joint pain [8].

The root of Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischkin (Umbelliferae) has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of headache, pain, inflammation, and arthritis in Korea and China [9, 10]. The diverse pharmacological effects of Saposhnikovia divaricata (SD) also include anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antiarthritic properties [9, 11]. A recent study demonstrated that SD chromone extract possesses potential antirheumatoid arthritis effects in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis [10]; however, few studies have been conducted to support the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritis activity of Saposhnikovia divaricata extract (SDE).

Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antiosteoarthritis activities of a 70% ethanol extract of SD. First, the anti-inflammatory effect of SDE was evaluated in vitro in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Next, the antiosteoarthritis effect of SDE was measured by assessing weight-bearing distribution, degradation of articular cartilage, and inflammatory responses in a rat model of monosodium iodoacetate- (MIA-) induced OA.